Marketing & Sales

Guides on marketing, advertising, sales management, distribution and retail, with Indian examples.

Team unveiling an improved product beside the old version, illustrating product innovation
Marketing & Sales

Quick answer: Product innovation, adding new or improved products to the range, keeps a company growing. Firms innovate to grow

Shelf organised into product lines with many variants and a marketer planning
Marketing & Sales

Quick answer: A product mix is the full set of product lines and items a company sells. It is measured

Designer presenting a product with quality and design callouts, illustrating product features
Marketing & Sales

Quick answer: The essential features of a product are its core benefit, tangible and intangible attributes, functionality and performance, quality

Marketer evaluating customer segments and pinning one as the target
Marketing & Sales

Quick answer: Before choosing a target market, a firm should check that the segment is large enough, has growth potential,

Marketer sorting consumers into groups by location, age, lifestyle and behaviour, illustrating market segmentation
Marketing & Sales

Quick answer: Consumer markets are usually segmented by geography (region, city size, climate), demographics (age, gender, income, occupation, family size),

Marketer dividing a crowd of shoppers into coloured groups
Marketing & Sales

Quick answer: Market segmentation divides a market into groups with similar needs, so a business can spot opportunities, use resources

Market pie split into customer groups with a spotlight on one, illustrating market segmentation
Marketing & Sales

Quick answer: Market segmentation divides a mixed market into smaller groups of buyers with similar needs so a company can

Media planner choosing between newspaper, radio, TV, billboard and phone, illustrating media decisions
Marketing & Sales

Quick answer: Advertisers choose media by matching the campaign objective and target audience with each medium’s reach, frequency, cost and

Billboard drawing shoppers into a store with rising sales, illustrating objectives of advertising
Marketing & Sales

Quick answer: Advertising aims to inform, persuade and remind. Its specific objectives are building awareness, introducing new products, educating customers,

Brand label casting a dark shadow over a shopper, illustrating disadvantages of branding
Marketing & Sales

Quick answer: Disadvantages of branding for businesses: high cost, one crisis hitting every product, failed brand extensions, limited flexibility, rebranding