Office with internal gears and external pressures from government, market, technology and society, illustrating forces of organizational change
Managerial Economics

Quick answer: Organisations change because of pressure from inside and outside. Internal forces are changes in managers, changes in the

Office being reshaped with cranes while staff adapt, illustrating organizational change
Managerial Economics

Quick answer: Organisational change means altering an organisation’s structure, technology, processes or people to adapt to new conditions. It is

Executive passing decision keys down to branch managers on an org chart
Managerial Economics

Quick answer: Decentralization pushes decision-making authority down to lower levels of management. Its merits are motivated managers, faster decisions close

Org pyramid with authority concentrated at the top on one side and spread out on the other
Managerial Economics

Quick answer: Centralization keeps decision-making authority with top management; decentralization spreads it systematically to lower levels. Centralization gives tight control

Accountant comparing ledger books on scales, illustrating self balancing and sectional balancing systems
Accounting

Quick answer: In the self-balancing system, every ledger has its own adjustment account, is complete under double entry and produces

Clerks keeping separate ledger sections linked to a control account, illustrating self-balancing ledgers
Accounting

Quick answer: In a sectional or self-balancing ledger system, the debtors and creditors ledgers are kept as separate sections, each

Accountant finding and correcting an error across linked ledger books
Accounting

Quick answer: In self-balancing ledgers, errors that affect the total of a subsidiary book need two entries: a rectifying entry

Three ledgers each balancing on its own linked to an adjustment account, illustrating self-balancing ledgers
Accounting

Quick answer: In a self-balancing ledger system, each ledger is made to balance on its own by adding an adjustment

General ledger linked to debtor and creditor control accounts, illustrating the sectional balancing system
Accounting

Quick answer: Under the sectional balancing system, only the general ledger is made self-balancing. Two control accounts are kept in